Theories of rent and urban economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theories of rent and urban economics - Essay Example The essay further outlines Smith’s rent gap theory and the agricultural land theory. The analysis is followed by an outline of the agent based land market model, and the microeconomic theory. The paper winds up with the central place theory and a conclusive remark on the varied rental patterns in an urban setting. The Collier Map show that there are different rent patterns for urban areas in UK and London in particular. The Western part of London records a mixture of rent patterns with a lower level of 10 pounds, and a higher level of 34pounds. The South East London has a rental pattern that way near similar with the difference between the highest and the lowest; levels being minimal (16-24 pounds). The same scenario applies to the North West and Yorkshire which has one of the lowest/cheapest rental rates. The outskirts of London and the hinterland towns have a low level of rent rates compared with the metropolitan. However, there are some urban areas outside the London Metrop olitan which have higher rental patterns. A good example is Dublin with a high of 35 pounds. Urban economics is the study of economies that are organized as urban areas (Harvey and Jowsey, 2003). It also studies the cities which are the modern centre of culture, innovation and education. It is in the urban centers where major commercial activities takes place hence the aspect of many offices being located in the urban areas (MacDonald & McMillen, 2007). Urban economics is closely related to the field of real estate and rental properties. Rent is the amount paid by a tenant to a landlord on a rented or leased space. Many theories exist in the field of urban economics and real estate. They are outlined below; The Neighborhood Theory The first theory is based on the housing prices, neighborhood characteristics, and racial segregation. This theory stipulates that the price of an office premise is determined by the characteristics of the neighborhood as well as the characteristics of the house. These neighborhood factors directly influences the patterns of office rent in given urban areas. Neighborhood variable affect the pattern of office rent either positively or in a negative way. These two factors combine to determine the pattern of rent in a given section of an urban area. They include; crime rate in an area, property tax rate, economic strength of the neighborhood, air pollution, accessibility from nearest train/ bus stations, extent of traffic on the street as well as quality of education/ number of institutions of learning (McDonald & McMillen, 2007). This explains the different office rent patterns in an area like Cambridge which is an educational centre and Nottingham. There has been an increase in the quality of office buildings in some sections of urban areas. This results in changes in office rent patterns. Areas with good quality buildings have different office rent patterns with areas with low quality office buildings. The same case applies to areas with different races. There is a tendency for rental patterns to be high in areas populated by the whites, as opposed to areas with a mixture of races (King and Mieszkoski, 1973). This theory explains the difference rental patterns in the London Metropolitan. Areas such as Wimbledon (?30) and Heathrow (?28) with good quality houses have higher rental patterns as compared with those with low quality such as Norwich (?15). Natural Evolution Theory Natural evolution theory is a model which was advanced by Mieszkowski and Mills (1993). They argue that the filtering model provides a primary reason for the movement and relocation of offices in the suburbs. The result is the emergence of suburbs which acts as commercial centers, characterize by high and

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LIFE STRESS AND HEALTH INVENTORY SCORES IN A COLLEGIATE POPULATION :: essays research papers

ABSTRACT Scientific literature is replete with studies examining the relationship between stressful life events and the occurrence of compromised immune function as suggested by the presence of various illnesses. Forty college students answered questionnaires regarding the presence of stressful life events and the presence or absence of recent illnesses. The relationship between these scores was examined. Life stress scores were significantly positively related to scores indicating illnesses on a health inventory. As scores indicating the presence of stressful life experiences increased, scores suggesting the presence of illness also increased. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE Each bodily physiological system has an individual established set point, or level of balance; however, some fluctuations in these levels are tolerated. The balance of any system can be, and regularly is disturbed by internal and/or external events of the mechanical, physical, chemical, biological, and/or social types. When this balance is disrupted, and involuntary mobilizations of biological processes are not able to re-establish it, an alarm reaction is activated (Schedlowski and Tewes, 1999). This reaction is referred to as a stress response, and the activating agent is the stressor (Selye, 1936).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recently, studies of stress have shifted from demonstrating relationships between psychological factors and somatic outcomes, to investigations of the mediational pathways involved in these associations. For example, (Cohen and Williamson, 1991) have built on the work of Lazarus’ model by suggesting that once an environmental event is encountered, it is appraised, and an affective response is made. After this response is made, a cascade of behavioral and physiological processes is activated. Behavioral factors such as increased alcohol use, reduced exercise, changes in sleep quantity/quality, and changes in diet, have shown to be related to stress. In turn, stress-related changes are associated with many hormonal fluctuations known to influence susceptibility to disease (Schedlowski and Tewes, 1999). There is overwhelming evidence that daily stress may be harmful to the overall health of humans (Cohen, Tyrrell, and Smith, 1991; Glaser, Rice, and Sheridan, 1987; and Schleifer, and Keller, 1991). The mechanism by which stress influences health outcomes is thought to involve the immune system. Rationale As reviewed, research has examined the interaction between stressful life events and the overall health of humans. This investigation will examine this relationship in a collegiate population, using two pen and paper surveys. Hypothesis Scores on the College Life Stress Inventory (CLSI) (Renner and Mackin, 1998) will be positively related to scores on the Health Inventory (HI) (Holmes and Rahe, 1967).

Culture Clash Essay

The article â€Å"Why Don’t They Like Us Overseas? Organizing U. S. Business Practices to Manage Culture Clash† by Thomas Begley and David Boyd discusses reasons and ways to strengthen corporate culture as it is the chance to expand overseas and to avoid so-called culture clash. Different countries ahs their own cultural beliefs, ethical norms and ways of doing business and what is considered normal in one country may be considered unethical and abusive in another one. Shared culture is the best for unity of purpose. For example, Americans are often wondering why others don’t like them. The reasons are refusal to sign agreement on global warming, national fixation on celebrity icons, etc. Actually, it is called international perception and every nation has national traits, beliefs and customs which are not understood and shared. When companies try to apply their corporate values overseas, they face a number of challenges and tensions as those people are provided with another mentality. Worldwide systems would be of great help as they offer customer responsiveness, global performance management, infrastructure capabilities, etc. The authors argue that global consistency is needed for overall mutual understanding. Global consistency is defined as â€Å"a means of increasing corporate efficiency†. (p360) To impose own values is not effective way out as overseas employees often resist as values are not universal and motivators are not similar as many Americans believe. I think that the article is very informative as it shows ways to cope with culture clash and to increase efficiency. The concept of cultural difference can’t be ignored when expanding overseas as employees have another values and beliefs. Cultural difference can be applied to every organization and company, not only those which are willing to expand overseas. Corporate culture is not national culture and, therefore, leaders should promote effectiveness through mutuality. References Begley, Th. , & Boyd, D. P. (2003). Why Don’t They Like Us Overseas? Organizing U. S. Business Practices to Manage Culture Clash. Organizational Dynamics, 32, 4, pp. 357-371.

Should We Be A Good Grade - 1612 Words

From the time we can talk we’re taught the difference between right and wrong, good and bad. We are taught that lying is wrong, while listening to our parents is right. We are taught that by doing what is right we are deemed good, but if caught doing something wrong, we are then considered bad. As we grow older however, the black and white of wrong and right becomes more and more grey, and harder to depict between. Is this wrong if the outcome benefits so many? How can I be doing the right thing when I’m just hurting someone in the end? Most of time these questions are answered based on beliefs: morals. Should I cheat on this test in order to get a good grade? What if I didn’t have the opportunity to study because you have to work every night in order to pay bills and if you don’t get a good grade then you lose your scholarship; is it right then? The answer is neither right nor wrong. The answer, is your answer; it is based off of your morals, your ethics. Scientologist, Raymond Baumhart, asked the question, â€Å"What does ethics mean to you?† to a group of business men, and was left with several different answers: Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong. Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs. Being ethical is doing what the law requires. Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts. I don t know what the word means. (â€Å"What is Ethics Issues in Ethics IIE V1 N1 Fall 1987) Is any of this ethics? They can be derivedShow MoreRelatedPaid for Grades?686 Words   |  3 Pagesher report card, unlike all of her friends, who got A’s. She knows now that she will be the only girl in her class not to get paid for getting a good mark. This young girl, with tears in her eyes, knows that she tried her best, but it still wasn’t enough to earn her a cash sum. There are a few reasons why children should not get paid for good grades. First, they lose out on valuable life lessons. Second, it is hard to provide the money for all of the children that get A’s. Third, it can becomeRead MoreThe Expectancy Theory1537 Words   |  7 PagesUsing an example of your choice apply the expectation theory of motivation. You should consider both its strengths and weaknesses as a theory. Arguments will be presented to show, how the expectation theory of motivation can be used to measure the force of motivation for a student to study, to achieve a high grade in his or her maths test. This example will be relevant as the expectation theory can look at whether the reward will motivate/not motivate the student, whether the value of the goalRead MoreI Am A Student From Class1024 Words   |  5 Pageswould finally go abroad so we putted lots of efforts on English, relatively spent less time on math. That fact caused most of us got low scores on math exam. I acknowledged that you are a good teacher, who gave us lots of confidence to explore the world of Math. However, when we compared our grades on exams and the grades on transcript, we found out our grades were raised by 10 to 30. Then I started to notice the grade inflation. This is was a problem because the raised grade can mislead students. Read MoreGrade Inflation And High Grades Inflation1347 Words   |  6 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚   Grade inflation, the idea that students are receiving grades that they have not worked for and therefore don’t deserve them. But what’s so wrong about grade inflation? When learning about this subject we also open the doors to learning about the multitude of other problems plaguing our educational system that could use our attention much more than grade inflation does. Through grade inflation we’re able to understand problems often forgotten about and looked over.   Ã‚  Ã‚   In the past colleges likeRead MoreThe School s Grading System1479 Words   |  6 Pages Since 1983, grades have been steadily rising which might seem like a good improvement, but instead, it has been negatively impacting students’ education and the world around them, leaving people to question the school’s grading system. According to Vikram Mansharamani and Peter Jacobs, one of the main reasons for grade inflation was that during the Vietnam War, students were given â€Å"higher grades to ensure that students wouldn’t fail out or be drafted†. Although this may be true, even after the VietnamRead MoreBad Grades Equals No Driver’s License1145 Words   |  5 PagesBad Grades Equals No Driver’s License: Bad Policy Imagine if you were in high school and you werent the brightest student, which resulted in bad grades, and then there was a policy made where you couldnt even get your driver’s license until your grades got up and stayed up. This is a policy that is being debated on by some legislators who think it’s a good policy and some who don’t think it’s such a good policy. I would be siding with the legislators who don’t think it’s a good policy. It’s notRead MoreMobile Phone Effect1220 Words   |  5 Pages What is the effect of cell phone in class? When it came to distraction in class we have to mention cell phone. We have to agree that cell phone is a distraction in class. It is a tool that has two edge sword. If it is coming to a helpful tool we have to mention cell phone, but what good it do if we are using in the wrong way. Students have to agree that cell phone is a distraction tool and they need to find a way to not use it. The cell phone is a tool that if you use it too much, youRead MoreThe Effects of Homework on Education1681 Words   |  7 Pageshomework creates an obvious path of success. Part of that path to success is do to the instructors use of homework in the correct manner. While the other path, is the completion and practice a student puts forth for the understanding of the topic at hand. We create the sense of, why homework? Previous research has helped show a usefulness of homework throughout our education system (e.g. Kenny, 2013; Marzano, 2007; Jorgenson, 2013; Griffith, 2013; Dejka, 2014). While research has been conducted, there isRead MoreEssay On Utopia And Utopia816 Words   |  4 Pagesthings, so one would always be better than the other. Utility focuses on a materialist view such as content and grades; on the other hand, Utopia focuses on being a better person. Some examples of utopia consists of knowledge development and personal development. Because they both focus on diff erent perspectives of being successful, one could be used more than the other. Utility should be essential in the school environment because to be succeed, they need to focus on the materialist view. EveryRead MoreAre Grades Really Necessary?895 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Are grades really necessary? Do they truly offer us an accurate, meaningful measure of student ability or achievement? Couldn’t we have a quality education without them? Answering this final question with an emphatic â€Å"yes†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Kohn, 1999) Alfie Kohn, author of â€Å"From Degrading to De-grading†, discussed the negative psychological effects that grades have on students. School should be used to educate people and strengthen their mind so that they can more easily learn to deal with specific challenges